An Evaluation of the Role of fMRI in Patients with Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

                                                https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/urology/

Patientswith Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS), including urinary incontinence and Overactive Bladder Syndrome (OAB) constitute a considerable part of urology patients. The prevalence of storage LUTS (men, 51%; women, 59%) was greater than that for voiding (men, 26%; women, 20%). The prevalence of OAB was 12% which was more prevalent than all types of urinary incontinence combined (9%). Also, OAB affects approximately 15% of urgency women and prevalence rates are higher in women than men.

Thecause of the urinary dysfunction is usually multifactorial. Although urinary dysfunction may entirely be non-neurogenic, it may also present with an overt or occult neurogenic abnormality underneath. Many clinically relevant methods have been put forward to allow an early diagnosis and identification of urinary dysfunction. A detailed patient's history, physical examination, and the determination of underlying pathophysiology are considered essential components of the initial evaluation of urinary dysfunction.

Management of Dengue Fever with Severe Thrombocytopenia in a Patient While on Warfarin: A Case Report

                                   https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/tropical-medicine-care/

Denguefever is a potentially lethal illness that is universally prevalent in the tropics. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is characterized by a ‘leakage phase’ (or critical phase) usually lasting 48 hours following an initial febrile phase. During the leakage phase, an increase in capillary permeability leads to extravasation of fluid and haemoconcentration. During the latter part of febrile phase and early leakage phase (or even later), there is a steady drop in platelet count. Some patients with dengue fever will develop severe thrombocytopenia during the course of the illness even without going into a critical phase and the platelet count does not necessarily indicate the severity of infection.

Atoccasions, it can drop as low as 500/μl in previously healthy individuals (normal platelet count in a healthy adult: 150,000-400,000/μl). The exact mechanism of this drop is unclear but presumed to be immunological. The low platelet count leaves the patient at a significant risk of spontaneous bleeding. The management is further complicated by pre-existing co-morbidities that interfere with the usual therapeutic guidelines. Use of oral anticoagulants is one such situation where management of dengue fever could be challenging. We report a patient with severe dengue infection with very low platelet counts without bleeding manifestations who was on anticoagulation with warfarin for atrial fibrillation with severe mitral regurgitation awaiting prosthetic mitral valve replacement.

Potential Diagnostic Application of the Quantitative Assessment of Red Blood Cell Membrane Protein Expression

                         https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/thrombosis-haemostasis/

RelevantRBC membrane proteins are selected based on the literature and these data are compared to Mass Spectrometry (MS) measurements and the data in the erythrocyte database. For Flow Cytometry (FACS) measurements, RBC ghosts (hemoglobin depleted erythrocyte membranes) are prepared from a small drop of blood and these ghosts are labeled by a fluorescent lectin derivative (e.g. wheat germ agglutinin-AlexaFluor647, WGA-A647) to allow selective gating. Thereafter, the ghosts are labeled with specific monoclonal antibodies, then with suitable fluorescent secondary antibodies (for details see. The measurements are carried out in a flow cytometer, preferably equipped with automatic high throughput plate sampler.

Inorder to obtain quantitative results in the FACS assay, each membrane protein and each selective first antibody has to be carefully titrated to give maximum level interactions. Still, the results of the FACS measurements do not provide an actual number of the given membrane protein per RBC, and data have to be evaluated based on the protein levels obtained in a certain population or under specific disease conditions.

HLA Incompatible Successful Renal Transplantation Across Bw4/Bw6 Alleles in Two Patients

                      https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/transplantation-sciences/

HLAIncompatible (HLAI) renal transplantation with desensitization is being increasingly performed in Northern Ireland because it results in better quality of life and improved survival compared to long term maintenance dialysis. Risk stratification for potential recipients in the United Kingdom is performed according to British Society of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (BSHI) / British Transplant Society (BTS) guidelines, which involves comprehensive evaluation by a combination of Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity Cross-Match (CDCXM), Flowcytometry Cross-Match (FCXM) and Luminex Single Antigen Bead (SAB) assay, and correlation with sensitization history. Transplanting successfully across a broad specificity such as HLA- Bw4 or Bw6 may prove more difficult, because non–DSA reacting with Bw4 or Bw6 epitopes could have an additive effect and hence greater overall reactivity even if reactivity against the donor mismatched allele is low. In this paper the workup leading to successful outcome of two HLAI transplants performed in Belfast City Hospital is presented. Maintenance immunosuppression was with the triple drug regimen of Prednisolone, Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and Tacrolimus.

ESRDdue to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positive vasculitis, for which peritoneal dialysis was commenced in June 2014. Both HLA -class I and II IgG antibodies including HLA- B35, B60, B71, B75, DPB11, DR103 and DR7 were as defined unacceptable on SAB assay. The T and B cell IgG Calculated Reaction Frequency (CRF) were 30% and 54% respectively. Her husband was considered suitable as a potential living donor but tested FCXM positive and she had high DSA against his mismatched antigens.

An Analysis of Energy Savings Bag Made of Different Fabrics in Efficient Cooking System

                                     https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/textile-engineering/

E-bagis a non-electric thermally insulated bag designed to reduce the amount of fuel required during cooking. E-bag is a simple but effective stand alone, portable passive cooker. The name has a very significant meaning E-Bag means energy saving bag. This bag can be used in rural areas, refugee camps or any other areas where fuel is costly or fuel supply is limited or gathering of fuel is cumbersome. Insulation of E-bag hold required temperature to continue passive cooking while hot pot in the bag. Cooking time depends on cooking types and E-bag continue cooking without additional heat energy. E-bag provides hassle free cooking process because of no need to connect with energy souce. Alongside, food never gets overcooked or burnt.

taketheir lunch with them to the office. Similarly it is applicable for the peasant or for the field workers who takes food at working place. This bag can help for reduction of deforestation or natural reserves. In some countries this is a matter of safety as well where people gather wood by themselves in the dangerous jungles.

HLA Incompatible Successful Renal Transplantation Across Bw4/Bw6 Alleles in Two Patients

                              https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/transplantation-sciences/

HLAIncompatible (HLAI) renal transplantation with desensitization is being increasingly performed in Northern Ireland because it results in better quality of life and improved survival compared to long term maintenance dialysis. Risk stratification for potential recipients in the United Kingdom is performed according to British Society of Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics (BSHI) / British Transplant Society (BTS) guidelines, which involves comprehensive evaluation by a combination of Complement Dependent Cytotoxicity Cross-Match (CDCXM), Flowcytometry Cross-Match (FCXM) and Luminex Single Antigen Bead (SAB) assay, and correlation with sensitization history.

Transplantingsuccessfully across a broad specificity such as HLA- Bw4 or Bw6 may prove more difficult, because non–DSA reacting with Bw4 or Bw6 epitopes could have an additive effect and hence greater overall reactivity even if reactivity against the donor mismatched allele is low. In this paper the workup leading to successful outcome of two HLAI transplants performed in Belfast City Hospital is presented. Maintenance immunosuppression was with the triple drug regimen of Prednisolone, Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and Tacrolimus.

Skin-On-Chips for Drug Discovery of Chronic Wounds

                                         https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/tissue-engineering/

Diabeticfoot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers contribute to majority of chronic wounds. The importance of improved wound healing measure is especially well demonstrated by the healing problems in diabetes. It is estimated that about 30% of all the costs for diabetes relates to wound care in USA. In addition, 2.4-4.5 million people have been reported to have chronic lower extremity ulcers in USA only. Pressure ulcers and leg ulcers, including venous ulcers, cost as high as $8 billion annually in USA, and are a significant cause of morbidity in aged population. Although a slow wound repair is a self-limiting process and not a pathogenesis in itself, severe chronic wounds can also lead to chronic inflammatory diseases, fibrosis, and cancer, comprising stifling economic health care burdens.

Woundhealing in clinical settings relies primarily on enabling the natural course of epidermal tissue regeneration. In many cases, the involved processes and the progress of regeneration may be insufficient to save severely injured patients. Especially difficult are various types of chronic wounds, with diabetic wounds being the most severe type. Current conventional treatment of chronic wound comprises mainly approaches with various types of dressings, bandages, and antibiotics. Several skin substitutes have reached the market place for second-line therapy of chronic ulcers, but they have not had the impact that was predicted. In severe cases where the wounds do not heal, amputation is the only treatment option that is available.

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Critical Care

                                         https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/tuberculosis/

Recentstudies inpatients, who are hospitalized in Intensive Care Unit (ICU), show that 51% of them have infections, and 71% are given treatment. Bacterial and some fungal infections, as opportunistic microorganism are the primary concern. Hospitalizing in ICU is associated with increasing in mortality rate and excess expenses. Pharmacokinetics, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs experience many changes in critical illness.

NTM,are a group of mycobacteria which is not a causative organism of tuberculosis or leprosy, so they called as Mycobacteria Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT). NTM bacteria are a family of small, rod-shaped bacilli which have more than 150 species. Atypical mycobacteria have different favor in choosing their environment and are identified as environmental mycobacteria. NTM are the causative organisms in pulmonary diseases like tuberculosis, lymphadenitis, skin disease, or disseminated disease. Major clinical manifestations of NTM Infections are presented in Table. In 1950s, they were accepted as human pathogens. Unlike tuberculosis and leprosy, spreading NTM infections from one person to another person is rare. Environmental exposure is the major way of contagion. The risk of getting infected by a particular species of NTM is dependent on pathogenicity of microorganism, the method of exposure and frequency of exposure.

Urban-Rural Disparities in Female Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Trivandrum, South India

                                  https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/translational-medicine/

Significantdifferences in cancer incidence between urban and rural women have been reported and for the same type of cancer, rural women are generally diagnosed at a later stage and have decreased survival rates as opposed to their urban counterparts. This has been shown for cancers such as breast, colo-rectum in both developed and developing countries. Rural women may suffer significant inequalities in terms of access to medical care and health awareness and these women tend to be less educated with lower economic means. Poorer hygienic conditions tend to aggravate physical threats in rural areas. Conversely, mechanized life-style, stress and air pollution are more widespread in urban environment.

Currently,lifestyle homogenization, particularly in developed countries, and the increased opportunities to healthcare access in rural population, has led to a minimal difference in cancer pattern. However, within Asia, large differences in cancer pattern are found between urban and rural population. Incidence rates of cancers such as cervix uteri, esophagus, stomach etc. are generally low in urban than rural population. In contrast to this, cancers such as breast, corpus uteri, ovary, colo-rectum etc. incidence rates are higher in urban than rural.

Measured Negative Pressure in Syringes Used for Aspiration Biopsy: Volume and Pressure Relationship

                                     https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/thyroid-research/

Thyroidcancer is the most common endocrine malignancy in the United States. Approximately 53,990 new cases are expected to be diagnosed in 2018. Thyroid nodules are a common clinical finding especially after the increased use of high resolution imaging such us Ultrasound (US) technology, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging but thyroid nodules have a low risk of malignancy of between 5 to 10%. Clinical evaluation to diagnose malignancy includes a careful clinical evaluation, TSH evaluation, a thyroid US exam and a Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) of nodules. Thyroid FNAB is the most accurate test for determining malignancy and is the recommended diagnostic test in the initial evaluation of thyroid nodules by the American Thyroid Association and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists .

Thebiopsy technique often uses aspiration to obtain cells or fluid from the thyroid nodule using a needle attached to a syringe. The conceptual basis of a fine needle aspiration biopsy is pulling back on the syringe plunger creates a suction (negative pressure) to aspirate cells from a thyroid nodule into the needle for cytological examination. A nonscientific survey of the 10 endocrinologists at Boston Medical Center who perform thyroid fine needle biopsies showed 1 physician use 0-1 milliliter (mL), 4 physicians use 2-3mL, 3 physicians use 4-6mL and 2 physicians use > 6mL of aspiration during a FNAB. When asked why they used this volume, there was no scientific basis or knowledge of expert guidelines to support their clinical habit.

Review of Lavender Aromatherapy: Past, Present, and Future

                                     https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/therapeutics/

Complementaryand Alternative Medicine (CAM) is a practice that incorporates unconventional medical therapies such as aromatherapy, acupuncture, and massage in order to alleviate medical problems. CAM practice is a huge undertaking in the United States, in a 1993 report in the NEJM 1 out of 3 Americans used CAM therapies. It was estimated at that time that $13.7 billion dollars per year were spent on CAM therapies and that three quarters were paid out of pocket. In 2007 it was determined that 4 out of 10 adults in the U.S. used CAM therapies, which is a significant increase since the prior study and the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health reported that $33.9 billion were spent on CAM therapies. It was further determined that when there was concern about the cost of conventional care, individuals were more likely to use CAM therapy. Aromatherapy is commonly defined as therapy through the use of aromatic plant extracts and essential oils through various methods.

Thephysiologic effects of aromatherapy have been recognized in folk medicine for many years. In particular, lavender oil has been attributed to have mood enhancing and analgesic properties by aromatherapists. As alternative medicine continues to grow, aromatherapy is at the forefront of this growth. Interest in lavender oil in particular has increased, not just in retail but also in the medical community. Lavender oil in vapor form is purported to have multiple beneficial effects in humans including: relief of anxiety, analgesia, sleep improvement, pain relief, and decreased restlessness.

Mayaro Virus: An Agent Capable to Cause Major Epidemics

                                    https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/tropical-medicine/

MayaroVirus (MAYV) is an Alphavirus Closely Related to Chikungunya Virus (CHKV). MAYV is the causative agent of Mayaro Fever, an acute, flu-like febrile syndrome characterized by headache, myalgia, artharlgias, vomiting, diarrhea, retro-orbital pain and rash. Arthralgia are often severe and prostrating, lasting for up to a year, being recurrent relapses possible.

Fromits original isolation in Trinidad in 1954, MAYV spread causing sporadic cases or small epidemics in Brazil, Bolivia, Columbia, Guyana and French Guiana, Peru, Venezuela, Haiti and Surinam (3). Additionally, serological evidence reveals the presence of MAYV in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Panama, México and Northern Argentina. MAYV is actually prevalent in most tropical countries from South and Central America and in the Caribbean region.

Hepatic Infusion of Autologous Bone Marrow Promotes Immune Reconstitution in a Patient Suffering from HIV Kaposi’s Sarcoma

                               https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/surgical-oncology/

Thepatient is a 27 years old male with progressive wasting, fatigue and fever for 3 months. A tumor in the right leg was found 1 month ago. On admission, the number of his CD4+ T cells was 13 cells/μl, CD8+ T cells 230 cells/μl, and the CD4+ T cells/CD8+ T cells was 0.01. His WBC was 4.26 × 109/L, Hb was 94 g /L, and platelets were 317 × 109/L. His HIV viral load was 150000 copies/ml. Other biochemical values are: ALT 23 U/L, AST 56 U/L, ALP 274 U/L, γ-GT 234 U/L, total bilirubin 8.7 umol/L, and serum albumin 35.1 g/L. Upon confirmation of Kaposi’s sarcoma pathologically on biopsy sample [1-4], the tumor mass on the leg was surgically removed at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center.

Theantiretroviral therapy continued and chemotherapy with liposome adriamycin 60 mg was administered after surgical tumor removal for 14 days. The number of CD4+ T cells 7days after the first chemotherapy with liposome adriamycin was 5 cells/μl. The infection around the anus causes ulcers. Defecate more than 10 times a day, it is light yellow and watery. Peripheral anal ulcer gradually increases after local drug exchange treatment. Bone marrow infusion devices were used for sigmoid colon fistula and intravenous catheterization of sigmoid colon. The perianal biopsy was chronic inflammation with fungal infection.

Relationship between Total Percurred Distances in High Intensity with Physical Weariness on Soccer Athletes

                                        https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/sports-medicine/

Thereare several eccentric muscle actions during the match, such as jumping and sudden stops. According the eccentric actions cause increased muscle damage and an increased number of micro lesions, complicating the recovery. It should also be considered different workloads due the positions and roles in the field (goalkeepers, center backs, full backs, holding midfielders, midfielders and strikers), respecting the training specificity principle.

Itimportant being able to assess and identify the variables: Intensity, volume, effectiveness and frequency of competitive actions, individually (biological individuality), contribute on making technical, tactical and strategic decisions for soccer players in training and in competitive actions. Specifically in the competitive actions, knowing the covered distance in each position and their different intensities, contribute on building adequate and specific training models, consequently improving performance during game play.

Trousseau Syndrome Secondary to a Gallbladder Adenocarcinoma

                                               https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/surgery/

Trousseausyndrome was defined by Armand Trousseau in 1865. He first described, and ultimately self-diagnosed, the phenomenon in which an occult visceral malignancy is the underlying cause of an unexpected thrombotic event. Initially, the most frequent description involved migratory thrombophlebitis. Almost a century later, the definition was expanded to include chronic disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, micro angioplasty, verrucous endocarditis, and arterial emboli. Trousseau syndrome has a well-established association with advanced primary pancreatic and pulmonary malignancies, approximately 20% and 24% respectively.

Associationswith prostate, stomach, colon, and hematologic malignancies have also been reported. Seemingly, cancer-free patients with symptomatic idiopathic venous thromboembolism have an approximate 10% incidence of a subsequent cancer diagnosis. The risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with a known malignancy have been evaluated in a number of large populationbased, case-control studies. A Danish cohort study of cancer subjects that only excluded non-melanoma skin cancers compared to a general population as control was undertaken, and the incidence of VTE was noted to be higher among the cancer patients (IR 8.0 versus IR 4.7, respectively). Incidence rates were highest in patients with pancreatic cancer (IR 41) and those with advanced-stage cancer.

Static Magnetic Field Effect on Differentiation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

                                        https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/stem-cells/

Stemcells are present in all human organisms and capable of reproducing themselves or switching to become more specialized cells in human body such as cells in brain, heart, muscles and kidney to repair damaged tissue. Recent advancements in basic and clinical research on bone marrow, embryonic, fetal, amniotic, umbilical cord, and adult stem cells have revealed multiple possibilities for stem cell new potential therapeutic uses which emerge as new powerful tools for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

MesenchymalStem Cells (MSCs) are pluripotent progenitor cells because of their differentiation and immune-suppressive properties that make them appropriate for transplantation and clinical use. These cells retain the ability of developing into primary germ cell layers of the early embryo, which can differentiate into cells of different connective tissue lineages such as bone, cartilage, muscle and fat of the adult body. A large number of animal transplantation studies showed that MSCs must be differentiated into the residing tissue to repair damaged cells caused by trauma or disease, and partially restore its normal function. Since MSCs have been investigated to grow and differentiate toward a pattern of multilineage differentiation potential to produce different cell phenotypes throughout their life, they are emerging as powerful tools for tissue engineering.

Study of Biological Parameters of Schizophrinics During 6 Months of Different Anti Psychotics Treatment

                                       https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/schizophrenia/

Manystudies reported increased rate of morbidity and mortality in mentally ill population. The increased rate of conditions like diabetes mellitus cardiovascular disorders and obesity particularly abdominal adiposity and visceral abdominal fat which is incriminated in diminished insulin sensitivity that leads to diabetes. Many factors were attributed to these metabolic changes including the life style issues like poor nutritional habits and reduced activity or even the disease process itself. However, the antipsychotic medications have been largely incriminated in this respect.

 This stimulate some author to make extensive reviewing and collect evidence for and against an association between glucose or lipid deregulation and eight separate second-generation antipsychotics currently available worldwide, specifically clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, zotepine, amisulpride, ziprasidone and aripiprazole. Reports of adverse effects of antipsychotics on glucose and lipid metabolism have more frequently associated with some antipsychotics specially clozapine and olanzapine and less with quetiapine or risperidone. Other reports of limited short or long terms weight gains with drugs like ziprasidone and aripiprazole.

Unacceptable Toxicity in Phase I Trial Adding Pazopanib to Chemotherapy for Sarcoma: A Precautionary Tale

                                              https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/sarcoma/

SoftTissue Sarcomas (STS) represent a very heterogeneous family of tumors derived from mesenchymal cells. Despite a variety of cells of origin, most STS are treated with the same chemotherapy regimens, although there are some exceptions. For example alveolar, soft part sarcoma is now treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor in first line. Treatment of sarcomas is multidisciplinary, but the approach to the management of high risk primary STS remains controversial. While the combination of surgery and radiotherapy prevents local recurrence, the role of adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy to reduce the risk of metastatic disease or to reduce tumor size to facilitate an R0 resection is not established. Over 50% of patients with very high risk STS will eventually develop metastatic disease. Additional curative options must be identified in appropriate patients. The definition of high risk STS is also somewhat controversial. For the purpose of this clinical trial, we considered any high grade STS greater than 5cm in the greatest dimension, for which chemotherapy could be indicated in the first line setting.

Althoughdoxorubicin-based regimens are favored in first line for metastatic disease, the new combination of docetaxel and gemcitabine might have greater activity in some STS subtypes with less long term toxicity especially when administered on an every two-week schedule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) is a potent tumor-produced angiogenic factor whose overexpression is usually associated with an adverse outcome in most STS. Median pretreatment serum VEGF levels are significantly raised in patients with grade 2 and grade 3 sarcomas compared with concentrations in patients with benign lesions. Serum VEGF expression correlates with grade in soft tissue sarcoma and reflects response to treatment. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor, pazopanib, is now approved for recurrent or metastatic STS, with good clinical benefit. Health-related quality of life does not improve with pazopanib, but the improvement in progression-free survival without impairment of quality of life was considered meaningful. When administered as a single agent, side effects are manageable and include hypertension, diarrhea, nausea, liver inflammation, mild myelosuppression, and hair de-pigmentation.

Perioperative Pulmonary Embolism Prevention and Treatment

                                           https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/spine/

Massiveperioperative Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is an uncommon event but significant cause of morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that PE is responsible for between 150,000 and 200,000 deaths per year in the United States. 30% of the deaths from PE take place during the perioperative period. PE is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident (stroke). Several studies have reported mortality rates ranging from 15% to 30%, while mortality rates in a massive PE can reach 30% to 50%. A recent review of more than 3000 massive intraoperative thromboembolic events revealed an overall mortality of 41%.

Surgeryincreases the risks for perioperative PE. Healthcare providers, including anesthesiologists, are responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of perioperative PE. During surgery, PE often first presents with hemodynamic instability and if progressing quickly, can lead to death. It is important that healthcare providers recognize perioperative PE and know prevention and treatment options. Prompt diagnosis and treatment can save patient lives. In this review, we will focus on perioperative acute PE treatment and prevention.

Weight Loss Outcomes of Patients with Unplanned Pregnancy within a Year of Bariatric Surgery

                                        https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/annals-surgery/

Bariatricsurgery is effective in treating obesity and is becoming popular. Morbid obese females represent 73% to 80% of all patients undergoing bariatric surgery. 43% of these are in the childbearing group. One of the advantages of surgery is increased fertility, resulting in pregnancies after surgery in patients who were unable to conceive previously.

Thecurrent recommendation from American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) is to delay pregnancy for 12-18 months during the rapid weight loss phase and until the weight loss stabilizes. It also states that women in the reproductive age group undergoing bariatric surgery should be appropriately counseled regarding contraception post operatively (non-oral) and those who get pregnant should undergo surveillance for appropriate weight gain/loss, fetal health, nutritional deficiencies. This is a grade D recommendation and is based on early reports pointing out that pregnancy during this period may affect foetal growth and maternal.

weightloss. British Obesity and Metabolic Surgery Society (BOMSS) recommend the same. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (RCOG) recommend a “more personalized approach, taking into account maternal age”. Presently there are no controlled studies that validate these recommendations. The aim of our study was to evaluate weight loss outcomes in women who became pregnant after bariatric surgery, prior to the recommended 12-18 months. We compared it to a cohort of non-pregnant women who underwent same surgery in the same period.

Surgical Anatomy of Mandibular Third Molar

                                           https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/surgery/

Surgicalremoval of impacted third molar is one of the common surgical procedures carried out in the oral and maxillofacial surgery set up. Surgical management of impacted third molar is difficult because of its anatomical position, poor accessibility, and potential injuries to the surrounding vital structures, nerves, vessels, soft tissues, and adjacent teeth during surgeries. To overcome these hurdles of surrounding anatomical structures of third molar; we embarked on this review of literature to make the reader more aware of the surgical anatomy as well as possible complications associated with these structures. For a comprehensive review, we have categorised this anatomy into hard tissues and Soft tissues.

Whenthe mandible is viewed anteriorly, it is seen that the ramus tends to flare out buccal from the distal aspect of the third molar region. Mandibular third molar is situated at the distal end of the body of the mandible at the junction of mandibular body and the ramus. This junction constitutes a line of weakness and The lower third is embedded between a thick buccal cortical plate which is buttressed by the external oblique ridge and on the lingual side is present the comparatively narrower lingual cortical plate where is connection with relatively thin ramus.

Pediatric Stroke and Cell-Based Treatment – Pivotal Role of Brain Plasticity

                https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/stemcell-research-transplantation/

Pediatricbrain damage of various etiologies, including stroke, and subsequent Cerebral Palsy (CP) are devastating and debilitating ailments with lifelong sequelae and high mortality. Unfortunately, there is no causative treatment beyond symptomatic and supportive care and the estimated lifetime costs per affected child amount to 800,000 Euro. The enormous number of 17 million people worldwide that live with cerebral palsy reflects the magnitude of unmet needs and the personal, medical, and global socioeconomic burden of this brain disorder.

Butthere is hope. Only recently the first successful cell-based treatment of arterial ischemic stroke in a child using autologous cord blood mononuclear cells (Jensen and Hamelmann, 2016 ) and of adult stroke using allogeneic cord blood mononuclear cells have been reported (Laskowitz et al., 2018 ). This renders a comprehensive review of the literature mandatory to explore safety and efficacy of cell-based treatment options for young and elderly patients alike.

Hypotheses Testing in Case-Control Spatial Point Processes

                                                  https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/statistics/

Afundamental problem in spatial epidemiology is the understanding of the relationship between risks experienced by humans or animals. A widely used method to address such a problem is to consider a case-control study for a certain risk. In this research, we focus on problems of case-control studies for spatial point processes. In a case-control spatial point process model, data often consist of locations in a specific geographical region which can be classified into two categories: observations from the case process and observations from the control process.

Typically,each observation in the case process presents a positive result to a certain medical test while each observation in the control process presents a negative one. A common task in the analysis of the case-control spatial point patterns is to compare their spatial distributions. For instance, in our data example of Section 5, we are interested in the comparison between the spatial distributions of dead birds on whether or not they were infected by West Nile virus. The main interest is to discover whether the spatial distribution of the case process (i.e. positive incidences) and the spatial distribution of the control process (i.e. negative incidences) are the same. The results of the analysis can provide potentially useful information on how the behavior of birds is affected by the infection of the West Nile virus.

Physical Therapy and Migraines

                            https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/sleep-disorders/

The study of effective techniques for migraines is justified by its high prevalence; a systematic review (Woldeamanuel and Cowan, 2017) concluded that it affects 1 out of 10 individuals worldwide, with preference in gender for females in comparison with males, in a ratio 2:1.

One of the reasons that promotes the use of physical therapy in the treatment of these patients is the concurrence of musculoskeletal dysfunctions in the neck in patients with migraines; a recent study concluded that 89% of the patients with migraines included in the study reported local or referred pain in the head during the realization of pressure on the high cervical segment. In a study about the prevalence of neck pain in patients with migraines observed it was of 76% during the year of the study.

In the most recent study about this topic findings from the exploration of the cervical spine in patients with migraine and controls were compared and concluded that significant differences existed in the number of active trigger points, in the flexion-rotation test, joint mobility in the high cervical segment, in the crane cervical test and in the reproduction and resolution of symptoms during sustained pressure; also, 93% of the patients with migraine presented at least three cervical musculoskeletal dysfunctions .

Fibromyalgia: an Alternative View

                                https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/austin-rheumatology/

Fibromyalgia is a complex neuroendocrine pain condition, but it is not incurable. Unfortunately, it cannot be cured simply by managing the symptoms with medication or picking one endocrine item to correct. It is important to discern how the patient came to develop fibromyalgia if you want the patient to actually recover.

As a group, Fibromyalgia patients seem all to have very similar neuroendocrine profiles when they reach the pain clinic. They have symptoms of low thyroid and high but normal TSH. Poor digestion and irritable bowel are common. Abnormal levels of gonadal hormones, low progesterone, testosterone, FSH and LH are characteristic.

As a group, Fibromyalgia patients have low levels of branch chain amino acids that interfere with proper serotonin and dopamine production and may contribute to abnormal thyroid hormone receptor structure. Pain is amplified in the thalamus instead of being suppressed there.

Need to Design a Tool that can Assess Preoperative Factors which may Affect Cardiac Complications after Non-Cardiac Surgeries among CKD Patients

                       https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/austin-renal-disorders/

Each year, cardiac complications occur within 30 days after major non-cardiac surgery in more than 10 million people worldwide.Non Cardiac surgeries may improve the quality and patient’s life may get better or prolonged, however these surgeries may develop complications such as death from Cardiac causes, myocardial ischemia (MI), cardiac arrest or conjuctive heart failure. Unfortunately, a large proportion of ischemic episodes go undetected during surgery and in the postoperative period. Also, it is noticed that MI remains undiagnosed and physicians rarely administer therapy and plan secondary prevention in patients who have suffered from perioperative unstable angina or MI. The risk of subsequent cardiac events increases further due to lack of satisfactory management.

Knowing the clinical relevance of cardiac complications in the setting of non-cardiac surgery, preventive strategies for preoperative risk stratification have been proposed since 1977. Models were developed looking for associations between preoperative variables such as age, type of surgery, co-morbidities etc and the risk of cardiac complications in a cohort of patients undergoing non-cardiac surgeries called as “Derivation Cohort”. Variables that have independent predictive value using logistic regression analysis are incorporated into the risk index. The accuracy and validity of this risk index is then tested in a separate cohort called “validation cohort”.

Holistic Spatial Management of International Security

                             https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/robotics-automation/

Internationalsecurity, also called global security, refers to the amalgamation of measures taken by states and international organizations to ensure mutual survival and safety. These measures may include military actions and diplomatic agreements such as treaties and conventions. Security policy is more than defence policy, more than military policy, more than a policy aimed at being prepared for war; security policy is also aimed at avoiding war. Security policy embraces domestic security, economic development policy, and policy for influencing the international system so as to create a peaceful environment, regionally as well as globally. The world is entering its most dangerous chapter in decades where the sharp uptick in war over recent years is outstripping the ability to cope with consequences. From global refugee crisis to the spread of terrorism, the collective failure to resolve conflict is giving birth to new threats and emergencies. Even in peaceful societies, the politics of fear is leading to dangerous polarization.

Conflictsare often spreading from local no nonlocal to international to global, covering large distributed spaces, and it is becoming more and more difficult to prevent, control, and stop them by traditional centralized agencies and resources, also existing measures and technologies. Something in a much broader and more powerful scale is needed for maintaining national, international and global security, which could operate holistically, globally, and spatially. And this is the aim and main contents of the current publication.

Hysteroscopy in Patients with Normal Transvaginal Ultrasound Prior to IVF: A Randomized Controlled Trial

                                        Austin Journal of Reproductive Medicine & Infertility

InVitro Fertilization (IVF) treatment is used widely for women who have had difficulty conceiving. Nowadays more than 700000 treatment cycles were given in the USA and Europe alone and the number is expanding steadily worldwide. Despite numerous improvements in assisted reproductive techniques, only 30% of cycles of IVF lead to the birth of a child. IVF is an expensive treatment and implantation failure could be due to a variety of reasons, including embryo quality and uterine receptivity, but remains unexplained in many cases.

Accordingto several studies the most frequent cause of Implantation Failure (IF) is the presence of chromosomal abnormalities in the embryo. However, abnormalities of the uterine cavity such as myomas, polyps and adhesions are also related with impaired implantation and reduced chance of pregnancy. Approximately 25% of infertile patients have defects in uterine cavity and abnormal uterine findings are reported in about 50% of women with recurrent implantation failure. Hysteroscopy is considered the reference standard to detect these uterine disorders. It has been suggested that these abnormalities should be diagnosed and treated to optimize the condition of the uterine environment and the outcome of IVF treatment. Moreover, hysteroscopy could improve pregnancy rates through dilatation of the cervical canal to favour embryo transfer as well as through the induction of an inflammatory reaction of the endometrium with the procedure.