http://austinpublishinggroup.com/autism/
Autism is a complex neurodevelopment
disorder involving multiple organ systems, primarily immunological,
gastrointestinal and neurological ones and appears in the early years of life.
It is currently estimated that 3-6 children out of 1000 worldwide have autism
spectrum disorder (ASD). The incidence of autism has increased rapidly in
recent decades. It is a heterogeneous neurological disorder characterized by
three core behavior abnormalities-namely, deficits in social interaction,
reduced verbal and nonverbal communication, and highly focused stereotyped
behaviors that emerge after a period of relatively normal development. A number
of factors such as genetic, epigenetic, environmental and autoimmune function
have been implicated in the etiology of autism.
One carbon (C1) metabolism is a likely
pathway to regulate epigenetic processes in autism. CI metabolism is comprised
of three interconnected pathways-folate cycle, methionine cycle and
transsulfuration cycle. The folate and methionine pathway mediates de novo
nucelotide synthesis for DNA repair and replication and DNA methylations. The
transsulfuration pathway balance cellular redox.
There are several evidences that in
autistic children, DNA methylation and DNA repair are altered as well as dysregulation of redox homeostasis
which reinforces a critical role for CI metabolism in the etiology of ASDs. One
carbon metabolic pathway include several genes and most of them are polymorphic
especially methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine
synthase reductase (MTRR) and frequency of mutant alleles varies greatly
worldwide.
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