Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy: a Rare Cause of Hip Avascular Necrosis: a Case Report

                              https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/pediatric-endocrinology/

Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a rare disease that was discovered initially by Fuller Albright and his colleagues in 1942 when they found group a of patients who presented with pictures of hypoparathyroidism (hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia) but their calcium and phosphate level failed to show responses after repeated injections of bovine parathyroid extract. It was concluded that the mechanism was end organ resistance that primarily impairs the renal actions of PTH, rather than deficiency in the hormones. PHP was divided into type 1 and type 2, and type 1 subdivided to 1a, 1b, 1c, with the most common form being type 1a. Presence of some distinctive features (short stature, rounded face, obesity, cutaneous ossification and metacarpophalangeal abnormalities) along with parathyroid hormone resistance indicate that which is known as Albright’s Hereditary Osteodystrophy.

PHP-1a is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the Gs-alpha isoform of the GNAS gene on the maternal allele, which results in expression of the protein only from the paternal allele. Pseudopseudo hypoparathyroidism (PPHP) is a similar disorder characterized by features of AHO but with normal biochemistry and is caused by “mutations resulting in loss of function of the Gs-alpha isoform of the GNAS gene on the paternal allele and resultant expression of the protein only from the maternal allele”. Patients with type 1b have Renal PTH resistant hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphatemia, and imprinting/methylation defects at the GNAS locus, but they lack the features of AHO.

Effect of Strength and Endurance Training of Upper Limbs by arm Ergometer on Trunk Conventional of Children with Cerebral Palsy

                                     https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/austin-phys-med/

Oneof the key features of children with cerebral palsy is deficient postural conventional. During sitting and standing humans voluntarily move their arms; the postural muscles of the lower limbs and trunk conventional posture are activated in advance of the focal muscles that move the arm voluntarily. This type of postural conventional, known as Anticipatory Postural Adjustment (APA), is believed to reduce the effects of forthcoming perturbations caused by voluntary movement on posture and equilibrium [6-8]. APAs thus probably play an important role in adequately performing various voluntary movements while standing. This ‘anticipatory’ contraction of the abdominal muscles is thought to contribute to preparatory stabilization of the spine against reactive forces resulting from the limb movement.

Shoulderand elbow functional movements result in trunk muscle activation which includes trunk flexors, extensors along with quadriceps, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior. Through repetition, the infant acquires and refines the coordination or movement patterns necessary to achieve the functional action goal. Arm ergometry or arm cycling involves sitting upright in a seat and “pedaling” with the arms. An important advantage of ergometer training over conventional physiotherapy is that patients who are motivated to continue training, can do so themselves, which is an alternative to hand-to-hand therapy, often limited by budget constraints. Though Arm Ergometry is one of the means of upper limb movement no study has been done on the effect of arm ergometry on the trunk conventional of children with cerebral palsy yet.

Updates in Management of Adults with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Rehabilitation Perspective

                                        https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/physical-medicine/

Traumaticbrain injury (TBI) is defined as “blow to the head, or a penetrating head injury, that disrupts the function of the brain”. TBI severity can be graded as mild, moderate or severe and more detailed TBI severity classification can be seen in Table. TBI is one of the leading causes of disability and death, and represents a serious public health problem worldwide with loss of economic productivity and increased healthcare utilisation. TBI is also known as the “silent epidemic” as longer-term impacts of TBI may not be visible. The incidence is highest in individuals in productivity age of 16 to 60 years. However, it is underestimated due to under-reporting of mild TBI cases, as many of these individuals may not present to hospital or seek any healthcare. In the United States (US), TBI accounts for 50,000 deaths and 1.1 million emergency department presentations annually.

Italso accounts for estimated one million and 25,000 hospitalisations per year in the European Union and Australia, respectively. Although medical advances, including safety and prevention measures have ominously reduced the mortality rate from TBI, however, there is a corresponding increase in the number of TBIrelated injuries, resulting in a significant number of individuals living with disability and chronic symptoms. Depending on the severity of the TBI, the level and area of impairment differs among individuals and include impairments in motor function, cognition, language, sensory processing, emotional disturbances and others. The financial implication and burden of TBI to the society as a whole is significant, with an estimated annual cost of US$60 billion. In 2008, the total costs of TBI in Australia alone was estimated to be AUD$8.6 billion, with a lifetime cost of AUD$ 2.5 million and AUD$4.8 million per incident of moderate and severe TBI, respectively. Some of the potential consequences of TBI are listed in Table.

Novel Hepatosplenic T-Cell Lymphoma in Young Adult with Sickle Cell Disease

                                        https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/pathology/

HepatospenicT-cell Lymphoma (HSTL) is rare & an aggressive type of extranodal lymphoma, the disease represent 1-2% of all peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Its incidence might be underestimated, because the disease may mimic other conditions & the diagnosis is sometimes difficult to be established. It has been seen in patients receiving long-term immunosuppressive therapy, following AML or EBV positive lymphoproliferative disorders or during pregnancy. Several cases were reported recently in patients with crohns disease treated with azathioprine & anti-tumor necrosis factor agent infliximab. We present here peculiar scenario of young male adult known case of sickle cell disease patient whose been diagnosed with gammadelta-T-cell lymphoma, after quite long history of unexplained organomegaly & fever.

HSTLis rare, and the world health organization prefers the term hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma in the current WHO classification of tumors of haematopoietic & lymphoid tissues. The disease occurs mainly in young adults presenting with hepatomegaly, splenomegaly but without lymphadenopathy. Most patients have B-symptoms & cytopenias. In fact bone marrow involvement is nearly always present. Neoplastic cells infiltrate & expand the bone marrow sinuses, a feature that is highly characteristic & thus a useful diagnostic criterion, irrespective of their gammadelta or alphabeta phenotype, HSTL shows a clonal rearrangement of TCRG gene. Recently gene expression profiling studies have shown that the HSTL signature was distinct & characterized by over expression of gene encoding KIRs molecules. In conventional cytogenetic & FISH studies, 50-80% were characterized by the presence of an isochromsome 7q this is occasionally the sole karyotypic abnormality suggesting that it plays a role in pathogenesis, in addition to trisomy 8 & loss of chromosome Y. The major differential diagnoses include aggressive NK-cell lymphoma/leukemia, T-Cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia & other gammadelta T-cell lymphomas.

Microalgae Production in the Context of the Transition for a Low-Carbon Economy

                                         https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/jpceonline/

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of publications and patents related to new equipment and the improvement of the processes used to obtain biomass of microalgae and target products with higher added value. However, in most of the studies, the final remarks and conclusions were obtained in the laboratory and do not include results from a pilot project with natural factors - biotic and abiotic - such as rainfall, winds, intense sunlight or biological contaminants such as rotifers, protozoa, fungi and viruses reported as one of the biggest problems to be faced and overcome in open cultivation systems.

As a consequence, the results that are constantly being published in the international literature do not discuss in detail the factors of great importance for the success of crops that can be effectively expanded in their scale of production. The achievement of stability in the cultures performed outside the laboratory during annual periods is fundamental for the correct presentation of productivity obtained as an index to be accounted for in the operational costs of any future enterprise that uses microalgae biomass as its raw material.

Endobronchial Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) Lymphoma with Atelectasis after Remission of Gastric MALT Lymphoma

                            https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/pulmonary-respiratory-medicine/

Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) lymphoma comprised of monoclonal B cells is a type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) that commonly occurs in the stomach. These lesions rarely metastasize from the stomach to other sites, especially to the airways. This report describes a patient with multiple bronchial MALT lymphoma lesions that developed after the remission of gastric MALT lymphoma. Furthermore, we discuss bronchoscopy was useful for both diagnosis and determining the extent of lesion expansion. A 90-year-old woman who had received radiation treatment for gastric MALT lymphoma seven years earlier was referred to our hospital after experiencing exertional dyspnea for three weeks. Physical examination demonstrated tachypnea; peripheral SpO2 was 82%; and breath sounds of the right lower lung field were absent. Laboratory examinations were within the normal range.

Chest CT showed severe and extensive area of stenosis, thickened bronchial walls, and polyp-like lesions from the trachea to the bilateral main bronchus, atelectasis of the right lower lobe, resulting in complete interruption of the right lower bronchus and right pleural fluid. Flexible bronchoscopy, performed with the consent of the patient, revealed edematous mucosa mimicking multiple nodules and a thickened bronchial wall irregularly extending from the carina to the bilateral main bronchus with mild stenosis. The right middle bronchus was completely obstructed.

Assessing Consumer Exposure to Particle-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Parking Areas

                              https://www.austinpublishinggroup.com/public-health-epidemiology/

PolycyclicAromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic contaminants that composed of particulate or gaseous matter. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, there are 16 priority pollutant PAHs that are classified as probable human carcinogens. Moreover, the carcinogenic effects of PAHs have been observed experimentally and epidemiologically. The major sources of PAHs include fossil fuel combustion, vehicle exhaust, and industrial emissions, because PAHs are mainly formed via the incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of organic materials such as coal, oil, and petrol. Studies show that vehicle exhaust from traffic has been proven to be one of the largest contributors of PAHs in urban areas; this along with population density usually causes these regions to contain the highest concentrations of PAHs.

Inthe past decades, studies have characterized PAH emissions by vehicle exhaust indicating an association with fuel type. Spatial variation was estimated from traffic-related sampling locations such as highway tunnels roadsides and intersections and large-scale enclosed and semi-enclosed vehicle parking areas. Moreover, it is important to evaluate traffic-related workers’ exposure to PAH concentrations as a result of vehicle exhaust. Hu et al. and Tsai et al. assessed the inhalation risk for traffic policemen and highway toll station workers from vehicle emissions, respectively, implicating the potential risk and importance of human exposure to particle-bound PAHs.

Domestic Violence and Psychopathological Impact

                                                      http://ow.ly/qe0v50qSokM

The issue of domestic violence is currently of real interest in the international medical literature, both epidemiologically and psychopathologically; this violence involves a constellation of social, legal and medical partners. According to the World Health Organization, domestic violence is defined as the existence of violence within a heterosexual or homosexual couple. According to the United Nations Organization (UN), violence against women is defined as “all acts of violence directed against women, and causing or potentially causing physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including the threat of such acts, the compulsion or the arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether in public life or in private life “.

Domestic violence has serious health and social consequences. These consequences on women’s health (and their children) are as diverse as they are numerous and unspecific. This violence leads to three major types of medical disorders: traumatic, gynecological and psychological, but they often remain underestimated. In Morocco, the scarcity of information indicates that domestic violence is not recognised as a serious human rights violation. It was only in the 1980’s that the women’s movement broke the silence.

Fast Plasmid Slot Lysis and Gram-Negative Bacteria Ghost Preparation Protocol

                     http://austinpublishinggroup.com/proteomics-bioinformatics-genomics/

RecentlyAmara et al. (2013) introduced a simple protocol for evacuating microbial cells based on using the critical chemical concentration of effective chemical compounds as well as enzymes. Such protocol succeeded to evacuate the microbes from their cytoplasmic content. Amara introduced the idea of preparing the DNA and the protein from microbes using the same concept by using the minimum inhibition concentration of the used chemical compounds in the Sponge-like protocol. Slot lysis is another protocol applied for screening a large number of clones. In this study, a simple new protocol is introduced. The protocol guarantees fast and simple plasmid isolation from E. coli. Those who are interested in isolating plasmids from gram positive strains and full maintain the evacuated cells they can determine the MIC of SDS and NaOH in the lysis buffer.

The protocol issimple fast and use only the GET-solution and the SDS-NaOH solution of the alkaline lysis protocol. In 1 ml appendorf tube put 5 μl of the GET-solution and 10 μl of SDS-NaOH solution. During preparing the SDS-NaOH solution it is recommended to prepare it fresh and not put the SDS on NaOH directly but put them in sequence in the water. By the toothpick, touch a colony from the original plate till the colony stack well. Touch genteelly (did not allow full loss of the colony) the new LB medium plate and number the site of the touch with number. Transfer the toothpick which still contains the rest of the touched colony in an appendorf tube which contain both of GET-solution and the SDS-NaOH solution. Incubate for 10 minutes. One could keep the toothpick or allow slight vortex and remove it before the incubation period. Do that for as much as you could for the colonies in the original plates.

Insight into Protein Variants/Isoforms and Post-Translational Modifications in a Proteome

                                            http://austinpublishinggroup.com/proteomics/

With the rapid development of human genomics, human structural genome has been completely sequenced accounting for 25,000-30,000 genes. Transcriptomics and proteomics are two important approaches to annotate functions of human genome, or called as functional genomics. However, Transcriptomics and proteomics analyses of the same human tissues reveal that coefficient of relationship of proteome and transcriptome is very low, and the number of proteins is much more than the number of genes. It is estimated that the number of human proteins reaches up to over 100,000 or even 1,000,000 if variants or isoforms.

It clearly demonstrates that one gene corresponds to multiple proteins are considered which is present as “one gene-multiple proteins” model, but not “one gene-one protein” model. Those protein variants or isoforms coded by the same gene are mainly derived from splicing and Post-Translational Modifications (PTMs). Moreover, PTMs are not controlled by genes, and dynamically alter with different conditions such as different physiological conditions, different pathological conditions and different disease stages, etc. Therefore, a gene-coded protein is not only a protein expression event but also involves many post-transcriptional/translational regulations such as splicing, modifications, translocation, and spatial conformation. Those protein post-transcriptional/translational regulations play very important roles in different physiological and pathological processes. Thus, it emphasizes the scientific importance of investigating post-transcriptional/translational regulations such as splicing, PTMs and spatial conformation in the human proteome.

Response of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus-Infected Citrus Plants to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GJ1

                                       http://austinpublishinggroup.com/plant-biology/

CitrusHuanglongbing is considered to be one of the most devastating diseases threatening citrus production worldwide, and all cultivated citrus are suspceptible to the disease in different degree. The pathogen mainly are vectored by the Asian psyllid it is caused by three species of Gram-negative, α-proteobacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter spp. “Ca. L.asiaticus”, “Ca. L.africanus”, “Ca. L.americanus”. The disease can also be transmitted to healthy trees by grafting of diseased bud wood. Typical symptoms of Huanglongbing disease in leaves include shoot yellowing and blotchy mottled leaves, and in fruits express small, asymmetric, acidic, with many aboorted seeds. The callosedeposition occurs specifically in midribs of leaves. Disordered cambial tissue and massive accumulation of starch in phloem have also been reported. HLB has led to the devastating harm of citrus in more than 40 countries. HLB has not only decreased citrus production but also greatly increased production costs. HLB has reached epidemic proportions in Florida and has caused more than $4 billion in economic losses between 2005 to 2011.

Avariety of ways have been adopted to control HLB over the past few decades, for instance, heavy pruning inputting antibiotic agents inhibiting the LdtR gene by an inhibitor and screening the combination of stock and scion. However, the above mentioned techniques used for solving the problem of HLB present some limitations. Management of HLB to enable the continued economic production of citrus is the largest challenge ever faced by the citrus industry, and new control strategies are urgently needed.

In-Vivo Models Used for Pre-Clinical Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Activity

                       http://austinpublishinggroup.com/pharmacology-pharmaceutics/

Ulcers are lesions of the skin or mucous membrane characterized by the superficial inflamed dead tissue. Peptic ulcer is the most predominant gastrointestinal disease. Studies showed that gastric ulcer occurs at least 10% of the world population. Peptic ulcer caused by a lack of balance between the gastric aggressive factors and gastric protective factors. Aggressive factors include increased secretion of HCL and pepsin, inadequate dietary habits, free oxygen radicals, consumption of NSAIDs and alcohol, stress and infection of helicobacter pylori. Gastric protective factors include adequate gastric blood flow, secretion of prostaglandins, mucous, nitric oxide, bicarbonates and growth factors.

Drugssuch as anticholinergic, histamine H₂ receptor antagonists, antacids and proton pump inhibitors are commonly used for treatment of peptic ulcer. Prolong use of these drugs may lead to serious adverse effects like thrombocytopenia, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and impotence. Due to unpleasant side effects of existing anti-ulcer drugs, there is need of more effective and safe treatment for ulcers.

Gemfibrozil and Nigella Sativa: Comparison

                                http://austinpublishinggroup.com/pharmacology-therapeutics/

Use of saturated fats cause LDL oxidation in systemic circulation and formation of atherosclerosis and may develop coronary artery disease. In some cases, a blood clot may totally block the blood supply to the heart muscle, causing heart attack. If a blood vessel to the brain is blocked, usually from a blood clot, an ischemic stroke can result. Hypolipidemic drugs can be used to treat hyperlidemia, CAD, heart arrhythmias and cardiac arrest. Allopathic drugs used to prevent or cure Hyperlipidemia include Statins, Fibrates, niacin and bile acid binding resins. Gemfibrozil increases plasma HDL levels by stimulating their synthesis. Increased transport (turnover) of HDL induced by gemfibrozil may be significant in increasing tissue cholesterol removal in hyperlipidemic patients. Furthermore, Fibrates treatment results in the formation of LDL with a higher affinity for the LDL receptor, which are thus catabolized more rapidly. Nigella sativa or kalonji contains conjugated linoleic acid, thymoquinone, melanthin, nigilline, damascenine, and trans-anethole. Thymoquinone (TQ) extracted from Nigella sativa (kalonji) inhibits iron-dependent microsomal lipid peroxidation. Stimulation of polymorph nuclear leukocytes with thymoquinone works as protector against damaging effects of free redicles generated biochemically in human body.

Researchstudy design was single blind placebo-controlled, and was conducted at Jinnah Hospital, Lahore from February 2012 to July 2012. Seventy five hyperlipidemic patients were selected for research work. Written consent was taken from all patients. Specific Performa was designed for the research work. Seventy-five newly diagnosed primary hyperlipidemic patients were selected with age range from 18 to 70 years. Exclusion criteria were hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, alcohol addictive patients, peptic ulcer, any gastrointestinal upset, renal impairment, and any hepatic or cardiac problem.

Management of Total Pancreatectomy-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: A Mini-Review

                                         http://austinpublishinggroup.com/pancreatic-disorders/

Nowadays, TPis a safe surgical procedure indicated for neoplastic and not neoplastic diffuse and otherwise untreatable pancreatic diseases. Main indications are premalignant lesions like pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; familial pancreatic cancers (essentially due to mutations of BRCA2, STK11, p16/CDKN2 and PALB2 genes); recurrent, multicentric and locally advanced neuroendocrine tumors; pancreatic fistula; and nesidioblastosis. However, the most frequent cause of TP is severe chronic pancreatitis unresponsive to a variety of possible treatments, including dietary regimens, drugs (analgesic like opiates, anti-inflammatory, and neurotropic agents), as well as more or less invasive procedures like chemical neurolysis, Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), spinal cord stimulation or intrathecal drug delivery devices Both endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas are fatally lost after total pancreatectomy. As for the former, the intervention induces loss of both, the insulin secreting α-cells but also glucagon secreting α-cells. Loss of α-cells means abrogation of the counter-regulatory system that usually protects from deleterious effects of hypoglycemia, and greatly helps maintenance of normal Blood Glucose (BG) levels under any circumstances.

On the non-endocrinepancreatic front, TP patients experience all the symptoms associated with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency: abdominal bloating, cramps after meals, flatulence, fatty or oily and frequent stools, indigestion and weight loss. In fact, the total absence of pancreatic exocrine enzymes leads to malabsorption of almost all nutrients, micronutrients and fat-soluble vitamins. Pancreatic Exocrine Enzyme Replacement Therapy (PERT) is therefore indispensable for control of the malabsorption syndrome. Moreover, impairment of digestive function in these patients makes it hard to manage insulin replacement therapy.

Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect

                                              http://austinpublishinggroup.com/pediatrics/

The public is unaware of the fact that child abuse and neglect result in 22% of state and 50% of county expenditures. In economic terms, parents who raise children who become productive citizens contribute $1.4 million to our economy for each child they raise. In contrast, parents who neglect and/or abuse their children cost our economy $2.8 million for each child they damage. They feed the Cradle to Prison/Welfare Dependency Pipeline so well described by the Children’s Defense Fund. Underlying this tragedy in human and economic terms is the hidden prejudice of juvenile ageism which regards newborn babies as the personal property of their biological parents to do with as they wish until they come to public attention as seriously damaged from abuse and/or neglect.

The physical and mental health repercussions of child abuse and neglect warrant dealing with them as public health issues that warrant primary, secondary and tertiary prevention interventions. Primary prevention would prevent the formation of struggling families. Secondary prevention would assist struggling families. Tertiary prevention would reduce the extent of harm to the affected children through Child in Need of Protective Services Interventions. Wisconsin Cares, Inc., a family advocacy organization, has proposed that the primary prevention of child abuse and neglect be implemented by setting a simple standard for the legal and physical custody of a newborn baby, namely that the parent cannot be under the custody of another person, as is the case with minors and developmentally disabled adults. In those instances, the custodian of the parent would have custody of the newborn baby if willing and able to assume it by fulfilling the criteria for Kinship Care until the biological parent no longer required a custodian.

Life Events Kept in Secret Destroy the Resilience Important for Successful Aging

                                             http://austinpublishinggroup.com/occupational-medicine/

For some decades the medical interview has been aimed not only at establishing a diagnosis, but also at determining the patient’s state of health and quality of life. In the field of geriatrics, conversation with the patient intends yet to assess the extent of physical fitness and mental performance impairment as well as to evaluate the risk factors which lead to a decrease in mental capacity and also the patient’s so-called psychological resilience, which determine the favorable course of aging. Researchers enumerate some kinds of factors determining mental resilience, e.g. pride in one’s personality, positive family relations, empowering relationships with professionals, the so-called ‘power of giving’, a balanced view on life and so on. There are, however, very few guidelines in geriatric literature on how to obtain this ‘balanced perception of one’s own life’. We do not find such tips either in the papers of authors who write about assessing the so-called ‘trajectory of life’.

We have presented recently an attempt to formulate a method of insight into the way we remember and even how we arrange the remembrance of own biography. As we emphasized, one should pay attention not only to biographical facts but also to important ‘psychological transformations’ concerning decisions on one’s own further anticipated actions and behavior. An example would be the decision that, “it is not worth striving for good grades in school or even to get a formal education because prosperity in life depends on other conditions” or for example, “that monogamy is not an advantageous pattern of behavior”.

Reliability of Low Frequency Contact B Scan in Assessment of Optic Nerve Head Cupping

                                  http://austinpublishinggroup.com/ophthalmology-visual-sciences/

Glaucomais known to affect 60.7 million people worldwide with the estimated prevalence in India being 11.9 million. Diagnosis of glaucoma is made in presence of characteristic optic disc changes and corresponding visual field defects. Visual impairment related to glaucomatous damage can only be prevented if the disease process is identified and treated early in its course. Morphometricevaluation of the optic nerve head, perimetry and tonometry contribute to the final diagnosis of glaucoma. The analysis of the optic disc is the most important step in the diagnosis of glaucoma and therefore a careful clinical observation should be performed to separate glaucomatous changes from normal optic disc. Optic disc is most commonly assessed using the 78 or 90 dioptre lens at the biomicroscope and an estimate of cup: disc ratio and neuroretinal rim is noted. Several methods have been developed to evaluate optic disc morphologically such as Heidelberg Retinal Tomography and Optical Coherence Tomography. These techniques require expensive equipment and clear media.

The Effect of Surgical Intervention for Dissociated Vertical Deviation Alone on Concurrent Horizontal Strabismus

                                http://austinpublishinggroup.com/austin-ophthalmology/

Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a challenging condition to manage, largely due to a poor understanding of its underlying etiology and the dearth of clinical studies that deal with its treatment. Guyton analyzed the vertical, horizontal, and torsional eye movements of six patients carrying the diagnosis of DVD in an attempt to better understand its underlying etiology. He proposed that the vertical vergence component of the DVD serves as a cyclovertical analog of the horizontal convergence used by some patients to help dampen the horizontal component of latent nystagmus, thereby preventing adecrease in vision that the latent nystagmus would otherwise cause. We are not aware of any other postulates on the cause of DVD.

The association between DVD and horizontal strabismus, particularly infantile esotropia has been well described, and DVD also occurs in the context of acquired esotropia, congenital and acquired exotropia, and sometimes intermittent exotropia. Oftentimes surgical correction of the horizontal strabismus is performed at the time of DVD surgery. We were unable to find any studies or discussion of the effect of DVD surgery on concurrent horizontal strabismus; possible reasons are that the two are often repaired simultaneously, or the horizontal strabismus alone is repaired if the DVD is not severe enough. The purpose of the present study is to determine whether surgery for DVD alone in patients with concomitant horizontal strabismus can improve control of the latter, thereby avoiding additional horizontal muscle surgery.

Effect of Addition of Garlic and Ginger Powder on Physicochemical, Microbiological and Organoleptic Characteristics of White Cheese

                                                   http://austinpublishinggroup.com/obesity/

Cheese is one of the most widely consumed fermented dairy products with growing consumer demand. It is an excellent dietary source of high-quality protein, vitamins and minerals such as absorbable dietary calcium. Hundreds of types of cheese are produced in the world. Their styles, textures and flavours depend on the origin of milk, animal diet, butterfat content, bacteria and mould, the processing, and ageing conditions. Definition of cheese, a concentrated dairy food made from milk, is defined as the fresh or matured product obtained by draining the whey (the moisture or serum of the original milk) after coagulation of casein, milk’s. Cheese is a vital fermented dairy product which had a major role in human nutrition for centuries. It is an excellent tasty, 99% digestible energy food, which is suitable for all age groups and contains high-quality proteins. The processes involved are acidification, coagulation, cooking, salting, dehydration or syneresis, and pressing, packaging and maturation or storage.

Thereare two main types of cheeses in Sudan white cheese (Jibnabeida), and braided semi-hard cheese (Mudaffarra) other types of cheese provided recently by Sudanese industries are Mozzarella and Gouda cheese. White cheese (Jibna-Beida) is the most common kind of cheese on the Sudanese market available to the public. The processing of Jibna-Beida is done traditionally, begins by receiving cow’s raw milk which is strained and mixed with salt in a clean petrol drum. Then 4 or 5 rennet tablets (8-10g) are crushed, suspended in a little water and added to each drum, with constant stirring. The milk is next covered with cheesecloth and left to coagulate within 4-6 hours. The curd is transferred to wooden moulds lined with cheesecloth and left to drain overnight. The cheese obtained is cut into cubes and placed into petrol cans. The whey is added to the cheese to immerse it completely and the cans hermetically sealed by soldering. Cheese is then stored.

Ocular Malignancy: Current Indian Scenario

                                              http://austinpublishinggroup.com/oncology/

Ocular malignancy is a rare and highly curable malignancy. India does not have a proper registry for ocular malignancies but according to experts it harbours almost 20% of global ocular cancer cases due to its huge population and the incidence is on the rise. Being a relatively rare cancer and due to complexity involved in its multimodality treatment approach very few centres in India are capable of providing the state of the art care for this disease entity. Common cancers of the eye include retinoblastoma, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoma, or metastatic cancer from other parts of the body (secondary ocular cancer). Secondary ocular cancers are more common than primary ocular cancer. Retinoblastoma is the most common primary ocular cancer in children whereas melanoma is the most common primary ocular cancer in the adult. Tata Memorial Hospital registries from 1984-1993 show that peak incidence of retinoblastoma are in the age group of 0-4 years. The overall incidence of ocular cancer is 0.4% in male and 0.32% in female.

The field of ocular oncology is spreading its horizon with new developments and gaining attention worldwide. Many centres have already created dedicated ocular oncology management group and more are coming up with the same idea. As a result, cure rate and overall survival have improved significantly over the years. For example, retinoblastoma was considered a fatal disease earlier but now with multimodality treatment approach (mainly surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) it is one of the most successfully treated pediatric cancer globally. Although according to literature in developing countries about half of all retinoblastoma cases present late (with extra-ocular disease) to a tertiary care referral center necessitating the need for a coordinated approach in the management of ocular malignancies.

The Induction of Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD) During Maintenance Chemotherapy and Subsequent Multimodal Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma (GBM)

                                      http://austinpublishinggroup.com/oncology-case-reports/

Diffuseastrocytic tumors are brain tumors occurring in adults and children. The grade IV tumor, called Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent brain tumor in adults with an incidence of 3 to 4 per 100000 adults per year. In spite of standard multimodal treatment, consisting of neurosurgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, the prognosis is poor with a median Overall Survival (OS) of only 15 months. At time of relapse the Progression-Free Survival (PFS) is 6 months, and the median PFS and OS have not improved over the last decade. In spite of being an orphan disease, GBMs cause the highest number of years of life lost due to cancer.

Amongstother innovative approaches like anti-angiogenesis and targeted therapy, immunotherapy has been developed as an innovative approach to control GBM. Active specific immunotherapy is based on the injection of autologous mature dendritic cells loaded with tumor antigens derived from different sources. Numerous clinical studies and reviews have been published on the role of immunotherapy for patients with GBM. All point to feasibility of the technology without major side effects. Recently a large phase III clinical trial integrating DC vaccination during first line treatment, or in cross-over at time of disease progression, demonstrated improved long-term overall survival. Moreover, meta-analyses pointed out the significant effect of active specific immunotherapy on OS compared to intra-institutional historical control patients.

Is there Weakness Area in Airway?

                                              http://austinpublishinggroup.com/otolaryngology/

ObstructiveSleep Apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent collapse of the pharyngeal airway during sleep. In 2008, we have reported the relationship between Body mass index (BMI) and airway configuration. Maximum anterior-posterior diameter (AP) and lateral width (LW) of the cross-section airway were measured, and the square area (SA) was calculated. The airway cross-section area (AWA) was also measured, and then the AWA/SA ratio was calculated. The mean AWA/SA score was 11.2% smaller in OSA patients and this difference was statistically significant. From this result, the difference of airway configuration between non-OSA and OSA patients was quantitatively revealed.

Inthe qualitative observation, the airway of non-OSA was square or elliptical shape. On the other hand, the airway of OSA presented triangle shape, especially in the obese patients. From this finding, we hypothesized that there is structural weakness of airway in the bilateral posterior region. In this short report, to discover the weakness region in the airway, the airway configuration change under negative pressure was observed. Subject was 33 year-old, female, who had no OSA. She agreed with the purpose of this study, and signed. Her body mass index was 19kg/m2. This research was approved by the Ethical Committee at Tsurumi University Dental Hospital. The respiratory mask and the syringe were connected, and the pressure gage (AP-V40, Keyence Japan, Osaka) was set on the syringe.