Cardiovasculardisease (CVD) remains one causing most mortality worldwide. Common CVD risks
include oxidative stress, hyperlipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis,
hypertension, hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation, diabetes, obesity, physical
inactivity, and genetic factors. Among which, lifestyle changes including diets
are modifiable CVD risks, becoming the first line of prevention prior to any
medication. In the past decades, the USDA, the American Heart Association, the
American Nutrition Association, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and
many other health organizations have launched five colors daily with vegetable
and fruit consumption for human health.
Lipophilic polyphenols, phytochemicals
rich in vegetables and fruits, show classical antioxidation (e.g.,
radical-scavenging, metal chelating, NOX inhibition, attenuation on
mitochondrial respiration, inhibition on xanthine oxidase, and upregulations on
endogenous antioxidant enzymes), multiple effects on cell signaling (e.g., AMPK
activation, SirT1 activation, eNOS activation, FOXO activation, NFkB
inactivation, PI3K/AkT inhibition, mTORC1 inhibition, ERK inhibition, JAK/STAT
inhibition, IKK/JNK inhibition, PDE inhibition, α-catenin inactivation,
downregulation on TLR expression, ACE inhibition, adiponectin elevation,
attenuated ET-1 production, and K+ channel activation), and many other
biological actions (e.g., inhibition on α-glucosidase, anticoagulation,
upregulation on paraoxonase 1, PAI-1 downregulation, tPA upregulation,
epigenetic modulation, and altered gut microbiota). Accordingly, polyphenols
multiple-targeting CVD risks and progression (Graphic summary) could offer
broad range of cardioprotection from atherosclerosis, hypertrophy, arrhythmia,
angina, heart failure, etc.
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