http://austinpublishinggroup.com/obesity-metabolic-syndrome/
DEXA: Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry;
CRP: C-Reactive Protein; IL-6: Interleukin 6; BMI: Body Mass Index; CVD: Cardiovascular
Diseases; HRT: Hormone Replacement Therapy; IRB: Institutional Review Board;
UTSA: The University of Texas at San Antonio; HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein;
LDL: Low-Density Lipoprotein; TC: Total Cholesterol; TG: Triglyceride; ELISA:
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Waist: Waist Circumference; HOMA-IR:
Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance; GI: Gastrointestinal; SBP:
Systolic Blood Pressure; DBP: Diastolic Blood Pressure; GLM: General Linear
Model; SE: Standard Error; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; CT: Computer
Tomography; Intervention: Intervention Group; Control: Control Group.
Menopausal women are among the highest
risk populations for abdominal obesity and at great risk of developing
metabolic abnormalities. It was observed that menopausal women tend to
accumulate visceral fat, which is a key risk factor for metabolic syndrome. The
withdrawal of estrogen has negative effects on the cardiovascular system
including: the transition from a gynoid to an android adipose storage pattern,
reduced glucose tolerance, abnormal lipid profile, increased blood pressure,
increased sympathetic tone, endothelial dysfunction, and vascular inflammation.
Among the inflammatory factors, cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6) may lead to
mediating pathways for cardiovascular diseases (CVD); while C-reactive protein
(CRP) is an indicator of metabolic abnormality and CVD in post-menopausal women.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has
been shown to be effective in reducing visceral fat and improving lipid profile
in menopausal women. However, HRT may increase risk of breast and uterine
cancers. As such, prolonged use of HRT is not recommended for CVD prevention.
Therefore, safe, hormone substitute compounds exerting estrogenic properties
are warranted to prevent and treat estrogen deficiency related disease states,
e.g. abdominal obesity and its metabolic complications.
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