Immune-mediatedType 1 diabetes is characterized by permanent insulin deficiency and absolute
requirement for insulin replacement therapy. Autoimmune destruction of beta
cells has been related to multiple genetic predispositions and poorly defined
environmental determinants. Exposure to air pollution (gaseous pollutants
and/or particulate matter) has been associated with diabetes incidence,
prevalence and mortality. Most human studies referred to diabetes mellitus,
with no distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Few studies focused
specifically on the role of air pollutants in the development of Type 1
diabetes with inconclusive results. Based on animal model studies, hypothesized
mechanisms of air pollution-mediated metabolic disease included oxidative
stress, adipose tissue inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, insulin
resistance, and pancreas toxicity. Major difficulties in establishing a
relationship between air pollution and Type 1 diabetes are: the retrospective
design of epidemiological studies, unwatched pollution, and long-term exposure
misclassification.
Immune-mediated
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by permanent insulin deficiency and absolute
requirement for insulin replacement therapy. Autoimmune destruction of beta
cells has been related to multiple genetic predispositions and poorly defined environmental
determinants. The incidence of Type 1 diabetes is increasing in many countries
and the reasons for this remain unknown: changes in environmental risk factors
and/or viral infections?.
Exposure to air
pollution (gaseous pollutants and/or particulate matter) has been associated
with diabetes incidence, prevalence and mortality. Most studies referred to
diabetes mellitus, with no distinction between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Few
studies focused specifically on the role of air pollutants in the development
of Type 1 diabetes with inconclusive results. As far back as 1970, Sultz et al.
evaluated the effect of continued exposure to air pollution on the incidence of
chronic allergic disease in children under 15 years of age from the Erie County
Study of Long-Term Childhood Diseases. The average annual incidence rates for
children hospitalized with diabetes mellitus by air pollution level (carbon
monoxide, ozone, and particulate matter ≤2.5μm in diameter or PM2.5) and social
class revealed no association.
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