HLA-G:Human Leukocyte Antigen G; PE: Pre-Eclampsia; IUGR: Intrauterine Growth
Restriction; HELLP: Hemolytic Elevated Liver Enzymes and Low Platelets; TGF:
Transforming Growth Factor; ILT: Immunoglobulin-Like Transcript Receptor; APC:
Antigen- Presenting Cell; KIR: Killer-Immunoglobulin Like Receptors; NK:
Natural Killer; CD: Cluster of Designation; UTR: Untranslated Region; BP: Base
Pair; Snp: Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction; OR:
Odds Ratio; 95%CI: Confidence Interval; Ins: Insertion; Del: Deletion; CVD:
Cardiovascular Disease.
Pre-eclampsia belongs
to one of very serious complication during pregnancy. It is a multisystem
disorder that is manifested by hypertension, proteinuria and abnormal blood
clotting. Advanced clinical symptoms include seizures, renal failure, IUGR
(Intrauterine Growth Restriction) and/or HELLP (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver
Enzymes and Low Platelets) syndrome. Finally the generalized damage of the
maternal endothelium, kidneys and liver can develop leading to increased
mortality of mother as well as foetus. The clinical symptoms of pre-eclampsia
can be observed in the second or the third trimester in pregnancy and are the
most common in primiparas. Clinical features of PE are studied by Doppler flowmetry
not only in foetal and foetoplacental circulation as well as in maternal
organs, i.e. uterine cerebral ophtalmic and renal vessels. Stiffness metabolic
syndrome and risk of CVD are other
clinical research topics.
Despite many
research studies, the pathology of pre-eclampsia is not fully understood. One
cause may originate in an insufficiently developed placenta, referred to as
poor placentation. It is characterized by impaired remodeling of spiral
arteries of the uterus (endothelial dysfunction) caused by an imbalance of
circulating angiogenic factors. High circulating levels of soluble Fms like
tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and soluble endoglin (sEng), a circulating receptor
or TGFbeta, (both anti-angiogenic factors) and low levels of circulating
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Placental Growth Factor (PlGF)
(both pro-angiogenic factors) have been described.
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