Obesityis a chronic disease that has increased alarmingly in recent years. It is
considered a risk factor for the development of diseases such as type 2
diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, and some types of cancer. Two
genetic profiles have been described: monogenic obesity, in which a single gene
is mutated, usually leading to loss-of-function or haploinsufficiency, and
polygenic obesity, which involves several polymorphic genes with complex
interactions between genes and environmental factors. In the latter case, the
frequency of polymorphisms can be very high, depending on the population
analyzed. In both cases, the genes of interest are associated with changes in
body composition through different mechanisms, including hyperphagia, energy
expenditure, adipocyte differentiation and lipolysis. However, most studies
have analyzed genes associated with obesity in other populations, and the
results are often inconsistent, so it is important to study the context of
obesity, such as genetics, biochemical biomarkers and environmental factors.
Environmental factors include physical activity, nutritional status, and an
intake of foods rich in fats and carbohydrates that favor obesity in children.
In addition, several chemical compounds have been described as potential
endocrine disruptors that increase BMI and produce obesity, and some biological
agents can alter the homeostasis of adipose tissue. In this review, we analyzed
the genetic and environmental factors that influence obesity, particularly in
children.
OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; BMI:
Body Measured Index; LEP: Leptin; LEPR: Leptin Receptor; POMC:
Proopiomelanocortin; PCSK1: Prohormone convertase 1/3; MC4R: Melanocortin 4
Receptor; SIM1: Single Minded Homologue 1; GWAS: Genome Wide Association
Studies; PPARG: Peroxixome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ; ADIPOQ:
Adiponectin; FTO: Fat-Mass and Obesity Associated Gene; SNP: Single Nucleotide
Polymorphism; CED: Chemical Endocrine Disrupters; DDE:
Diphenyl-dichloro-Ethylene (DDE); BPA: Bisphenol A.
Obesity is a chronic disease of diverse etiology. In the genetic
context, monogenic obesity is associated with loss-of-function mutations in a
single gene. These mutations are very rare and are in some cases unique to a
patient or several members of a family; in some populations with high rates of
consanguinity, the mutations are more frequent. In polygenic obesity, there
is an interaction between several polymorphic genes; in this case, the
frequency is greater than 1% and varies by the population analyzed. In this
type of obesity, the risk that is attributed to each allele is generally small,
but the additive effect of several risk alleles can considerably increase
susceptibility to obesity. Multifactorial obesity refers the involvement of
other environmental factors, or the obesogenic environment.
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